Framework Element Descriptions
Categories	Subcategories	Primary studies	Framework elements	Element aspects	Element descriptions
Practical Framework	Guideline	[PS7]	Learning context	Pedagogical	A set of principles that educational context
			Learning objectives	Pedagogical	A set of instructional  objectives that students should achieve
			Pedagogy/heutagogy	Pedagogical	A set of principles that consider pedagogical aspects
			Mobile learning considerations	Technological	A set of principles for mobile learning design
		[PS15]	Physical space	Technological	Components that are essential for capturing the physical environment
			User space	Technological	It includes all components required by the student to access the virtual space
			Virtual space	Technological	It is virtual world of the environment
	Model Development	[PS2]	Distributed Learning	Technological	It consider adopt next generation networking techniques which enable distributed participants to learn from distributed locations
			Information-Centric Systems Engineering (ISCE) principles	Technological	It emphasizes the adoption of information centric principles while supporting systems engineering approaches
			Role of Experts	Technological	They help create the information models and use-case diagrams (outlined earlier)
			Technology based Mediums and Environments	Technological	It refers to immersive devices and technological support
			User Centric Design	Technological	Use of software design tools, such as class, communication and sequence diagrams (based on the Unified Modeling Language UML)
		[PS3]	Prototyping stage	Technological	It measure motivation and enjoyment
			Planning and design stage	Technological and Pedagogical	It refer to four-dimensional framework for designing and evaluating immersive learning experience proposed by De Freitas et al. (2010)
			Post-launch stage	Technological and Pedagogical	It analyse the learners' comments on the platform
		[PS8]	Educational services	Pedagogical	They complement the virtual content offering support to academic institutions processes
			User roles	Pedagogical	The roles define the actions of the user and their learning process, in the reverse part of virtual reality determines the type of interaction and content available and its associated educational services
			Platform	Technological	The platform selection determines the degree of interaction and content that can be presented to the user within in virtual reality learning environments
			VR learning environments features	Technological and Pedagogical	The objective is that users achieve their learning objectives through immersive learning
Theoretical Framework	Design of Learning Activities	[PS6]	Acting Engagement	Pedagogical	It is the personal roadmap to build meaningful understanding of course materials
			Pro-Acting Engagement	Pedagogical	It is to stimulate students' mind and emotion to be self-regulated and self-determined learner
			Re-Act Engagement	Pedagogical	Learners will develop personal mental models
			Reflecting Engagement	Pedagogical	Learners practice a sense-making process in which they assess the value of their own perspectives and other learners' perspectives
		[PS12]	Context	Pedagogical	It may impact upon the place where learning is undertaken
			Learning specifics	Pedagogical	This dimension involves a process of profiling and modelling the learner and their requirements
			Pedagody	Pedagogical	This dimension analyses the pedagogic perspective of the learning activities, and includes a consideration of the kinds of learning and teaching models adopted alongside the methods for supporting the learning processes
			Representation	Technological	This this dimension outlines the representation itself, how interactive the learning experience needs to be, what levels of fidelity are required and how immersive the experience needs to be
	Influences Learning Outcomes	[PS1]	Context	Pedagogical	The context is related to learner’s family, educational environment and his/her cultural
			Learning Activities	Pedagogical	Theses activities precede the learning outcomes and they describe the leaner’s active use of the supplied learning material
			Learning Outcomes	Pedagogical	It is the construction of knowledge in the mind of the learner
			Teacher	Pedagogical	Teacher's role impacts on the learning potential
			Learning Potential	Psychological	It defines that motivational factors, cognitive factors, emotional factors and previous experience are connected and influence the learning
			Perception & Interpretation	Psychological	It is related to learners' presence
			Instructional Media	Technological	It is related to quality of the learning and teaching material and to medium that represents the instructional information
		[PS4]	Immersive Virtual Field Trips Taxonomy	Technological	It has three components that have guided our design of iVFTs and their evaluation
			SENsing-ScAlability Trade-off contInuUM (SENSATIUM)	Technological	It reflects the sensing capabilities and resulting interaction opportunities of different immersive technologies and, more importantly, the associated costs
		[PS5]	Complexity	Pedagogical	Complexity of what is studied
			Interaction	Pedagogical	Interaction with teachers and other learners
			Sense of immersion	Psychological	Learner feels embedded in a specific situational and geographical context
		[PS9]	Learning outcomes	Pedagogical	Users’ academic performance because it is a direct and relatively objective indicator for evaluating the effect of employing IVS for collaborative learning
			Aesthetic experience	Psychological	It refers to users’ awareness of how to proceed and of what counts as the fulfillment of the purposes and objectives being pursued within a system
			Imagination affordance	Psychological	It refers to the capacity to creatively picture in one’s mind something nonexistent
			Immersion affordance	Psychological	It refers to the mental state of total absorption in the virtual environment enabled by, in addition to a high degree of real-time interaction, the rich information perceived through multiple sensory channels
			System satisfaction	Psychological	It is defined as their overall affective and cognitive evaluation of the pleasurable level of fulfillment experienced with Immersive Visualization System
			Interaction affordance	Technological	The extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and content of a mediated environment in real time
		[PS10]	Afforded learning tasks	Pedagogical	These are tasks offered (afforded) by 3D virtual learning environments
			Learning benefits	Pedagogical	They are the affordances resulting from tasks learning performed from 3D virtual learning environments
			Construction of identity	Psychological	It is characteristics of the learner’s experience as a result of these environment characteristics
			Co-presence	Psychological	It is defined as the sense of "being there together" with other geographically dispersed users
			Sense of presence	Psychological	It refer to a user’s perception of "being there"
			Learner interaction	Technological	It consists of embodied actions including view control, navigation and object manipulation, embodied verbal and non-verbal communication, control of environment attributes and behaviourm and construction of objects and scripting of object behaviours
			Representational fidelity	Technological	It consists of realistic display of environment, smooth display of view changes and object motion, consistency of object behaviour, user representation, spatial audio and kinaesthetic and tactile force feedback
		[PS11]	Achieved learning outcomes	Pedagogical	Student's performance
			Designing for learning	Pedagogical	Learning requirement, task affordances and learning specification
			Learning stages	Pedagogical	The stages are conceptualisation, construction and dialogue
			Dalgarno and Lee's model	Technological and Psychological	It is composed by representational fidelity, learner interaction, construction of identity, sense of presence, co-presence, afforded learning tasks, learning benefits
			Types different of immersion	Technological, Psychological and Pedagogical	Empathy, reification and identification
		[PS14]	Cognitive benefits	Pedagogical	It refer to better memorization, understanding, application and overall view of the lesson learned
			Learning outcomes	Pedagogical	They are measured by performance achievement, perceived learning effectiveness and satisfaction
			Reflective thinking	Pedagogical	It defined as active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the conclusion to which it tends
			Student characteristics	Pedagogical	Student factors that could affect the learning outcomes include demographics, language, communication skills, learning styles, spatial abilities, problem solving styles, attitudes toward technology, cognitive styles, cognitive needs, computer anxiety and technology experience
			Control and active learning	Psychological	They are akin to involvement is a psychological state experienced as a consequence of focusing one’s attention on a coherent set of related activities and stimuli
			Motivation	Psychological	Student motivation is a potentially important but understudied factor in virtual reality-based learning environment
			Presence	Psychological	It refers to the user’s subjective psychological response to a system
			Usability	Technological	It is measured by perceived usefulness and ease of use
			VR features	Technological	They are measured by representational fidelity and immediacy of control
	Influences Teacher's Intention	[PS13]	Intention	Pedagogical	The degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance
			Attitude	Psychological	It refers to the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free from effort
			Perceived ease of use	Psychological	It is the degree to which a person believes that the use of an information system will be effortless
			Perceived enjoyment	Psychological	The extent to which the activity of using the computer is perceived to be enjoyable in its own right, apart from any performance consequences that may be anticipated
			Perceived relative advantage	Psychological	It refers to the degree to which an innovation is seen as better than the idea, program, or product it replaces
			Perceived usefulness	Psychological	The degree to which a person believes that using the system will improve their performance
			Facilitating conditions	Technological	It refers to the degree to which an individual believes that an organizational and technical infrastructure exists to support the use of the system
			Mobile self-efficacy	Technological	An individual’s perceptions of his or her ability to use mobile devices in order to accomplish particular tasks